{VERSION 2 3 "IBM INTEL NT" "2.3" } {USTYLETAB {CSTYLE "Maple Input" -1 0 "Courier" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "2D Math" -1 2 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "2D Input" 2 19 "" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "2D Output" 2 20 "" 0 1 0 0 255 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE " " -1 256 "" 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 257 "" 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 258 "" 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 259 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 260 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 261 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 262 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 263 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 264 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE " " -1 265 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 266 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 267 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 268 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 269 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 270 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 271 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 272 "" 0 1 128 0 128 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 273 "" 0 1 128 0 128 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 274 "Courier" 1 18 255 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 275 "" 0 1 128 0 128 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 276 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 277 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 278 "" 1 14 0 128 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 279 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 280 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 281 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 282 "Cou rier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 283 "" 0 1 0 128 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 284 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 285 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 286 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 287 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 288 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 289 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 290 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 291 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE " " -1 292 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 293 "Courier" 1 14 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 294 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 295 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" 19 296 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {PSTYLE "Normal" -1 0 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Helvetica" 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Heading 1" 0 3 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }1 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Maple Output" 0 11 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 3 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "M aple Plot" 0 13 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Title" 0 18 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 }{PSTYLE "Author" 0 19 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "R3 Font 0" -1 256 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Helvetica" 1 12 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "R3 Font 2" -1 257 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Courier" 1 12 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 18 258 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 19 259 1 {CSTYLE " " -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 3 260 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 261 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 262 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 263 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 } {PSTYLE "" 0 264 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 265 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 " " 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 } {PSTYLE "" 0 266 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 267 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 " " 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 } {PSTYLE "" 0 268 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 269 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 " " 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }} {SECT 0 {EXCHG {PARA 258 "" 0 "" {TEXT 257 12 "Integrals as" }}{PARA 258 "" 0 "" {TEXT 258 32 "General and Particular Solutions" }}{PARA 258 "" 0 "" {TEXT 256 11 "1.1epR4.mws" }}{PARA 259 "" 0 "" {TEXT 259 14 "Brian E. Blank" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 257 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 84 "Click on a [+] sign to expand a section. Cli ck on a [-] sign to collapse a section." }}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 12 "Introduction" }}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 41 "Int egrating Simple Differential Equations" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 48 "The general first order differential equation is" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 25 " \+ " }{TEXT 260 5 " " }{XPPEDIT 261 1 "diff(y(x), x) = F(x,y(x))" "/- %%diffG6$-%\"yG6#%\"xGF)-%\"FG6$F)-F'6#F)" }{TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 100 "A particularly ea sy case, one that involves only first semester calculus, occurs when t he function " }{XPPEDIT 262 1 "(u,v) -> F(u,v)" ":6$%\"uG%\"vG7\"6$%) operatorG%&arrowG6\"-%\"FG6$F$F%F*F*" }{TEXT -1 72 " depends only on \+ the first variable. Suppose then that we have the ode" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 25 " \+ " }{TEXT 263 4 " " }{XPPEDIT 264 1 "diff(y(x),x) = f(x)" "/-%% diffG6$-%\"yG6#%\"xGF)-%\"fG6#F)" }{TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 5 "Let " }{TEXT 265 1 " " }{XPPEDIT 266 1 "Int(f(x),x)" "-%$IntG6$ -%\"fG6#%\"xGF(" }{TEXT -1 33 " denote any antiderivative of " } {XPPEDIT 267 1 "f(x)" "-%\"fG6#%\"xG" }{TEXT -1 23 " . Let us verify \+ that " }{TEXT 269 1 " " }{XPPEDIT 270 1 "y(x)=Int(f(x),x)+C" "/-%\"yG6 #%\"xG,&-%$IntG6$-%\"fG6#F&F&\"\"\"%\"CGF." }{TEXT -1 52 " is a solut ion of the given ode for any constant " }{XPPEDIT 268 1 "C" "I\"CG6 \"" }{TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 28 "ode := diff( y(x), x) = f(x);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%$odeG/-%%diffG6$ -%\"yG6#%\"xGF,-%\"fGF+" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 34 " subs(y(x) = Int(f(x),x) + C, ode);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6# /-%%diffG6$,&-%$IntG6$-%\"fG6#%\"xGF.\"\"\"%\"CGF/F.F+" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 10 "testeq(\");" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#%%trueG" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 11 "Of course, " }{TEXT 283 5 "Maple" }{TEXT -1 94 " knows the Fundamental Theorem of Calculu s and can solve this differential equation directly." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 18 "dsolve(ode, y(x));" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#/-%\"yG6#%\"xG,&-%$intG6$-%\"fGF&F'\"\"\"%$_C1GF." }}}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 26 "This solution is called a " }{TEXT 272 16 "general solu tion" }{TEXT -1 23 ". In reality, it is a " }{TEXT 273 20 "one-parame ter family" }{TEXT -1 19 " of solutions with " }{XPPEDIT 271 1 "C" "I \"CG6\"" }{TEXT -1 16 " the parameter." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 41 "If we substitute a particular value \+ for " }{TEXT 274 1 "C" }{TEXT -1 16 " then we get a " }{TEXT 275 19 "particular solution" }{TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 55 "An Example (Edwards and Penney, Secton 1.2, Exercise 5)" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 55 "In this exercis e, a first order differential equation " }{XPPEDIT 295 1 "diff(y(x),x )=1/sqrt(x+2)" "/-%%diffG6$-%\"yG6#%\"xGF)*&\"\"\"F+-%%sqrtG6#,&F)F+\" \"#F+!\"\"" }{TEXT -1 33 " and an initial value condition " } {XPPEDIT 296 1 "y(2)=-1" "/-%\"yG6#\"\"#,$\"\"\"!\"\"" }{TEXT -1 12 " \+ are given. " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 38 "The (particular) solution \+ is required." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 134 "We will first find the general solution and plot a family of p articular solutions. Then we will find the required particular solutio n." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 22 "f := u -> 1/sqrt(u+2);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%\"fG:6#%\"uG6\"6$%)operatorG%&arrowGF(*$-%%sqrtG6#,&9$\"\"\"\" \"#F2!\"\"F(F(" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 28 "ode := di ff(y(x), x) = f(x);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%$odeG/-%%diff G6$-%\"yG6#%\"xGF,-%\"fGF+" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 22 "\nWe will \+ use a useful " }{TEXT 278 5 "Maple" }{TEXT -1 90 " idiom to efficientl y create a list of particular solutions. The basic idea is that if \+ " }{TEXT 279 1 "L" }{TEXT -1 17 " is a list then" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT 280 11 "[op(L), z] " }{TEXT -1 41 " is the list that results by \+ appending " }{TEXT 281 1 "z" }{TEXT -1 6 " to " }{TEXT 282 1 "L" } {TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 12 "For example:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 39 "L := \+ [a, b, c, d]; \nop(L); \n[op(L), z];" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 " 6#>%\"LG7&%\"aG%\"bG%\"cG%\"dG" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6&%\"a G%\"bG%\"cG%\"dG" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#7'%\"aG%\"bG%\"cG% \"dG%\"zG" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 53 "particular_soln_li st := []; # Creates an empty list" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6 #>%5particular_soln_listG7\"" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 98 "for C from -5 to 5 by 1 do\nparticular_soln_list := [op(particul ar_soln_list), int(f(x),x)+C]:\nod:\n" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 21 "particular_soln_list;" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#7-,&*$,&%\"xG\"\"\"\"\"#F(#F(F)F)!\"&F(,&F%F)!\"%F(,&F%F)!\"$F(, &F%F)!\"#F(,&F%F)!\"\"F(,$F%F),&F%F)F(F(,&F%F)F)F(,&F%F)\"\"$F(,&F%F) \"\"%F(,&F%F)\"\"&F(" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 36 "plo t(particular_soln_list, x=-2..8);" }}{PARA 13 "" 1 "" {INLPLOT "6/-%'C URVESG6$7W7$$!\"#\"\"!$!\"&F*7$$!1LLe9r]X>!#:$!1hTKvd7LXF07$$!1nm;HU, \"*=F0$!1/5aR,uRVF07$$!1++vV8_O=F0$!1=r6A,N\">%F07$$!1LLLe%G?y\"F0$!1? $[1b^i1%F07$$!1+](=_+so\"F0$!1>Ay;/V\")QF07$$!1nmT&esBf\"F0$!1u;^%)e3B PF07$$!1LL$3s%3z8F0$!11&z\"[k.CMF07$$!1LL$e/$Qk6F0$!1#z<=Fe<<$F07$$!1n m;/\"=q]*!#;$!1jy7e[H^HF07$$!1LL$3_>f_(FY$!1m)fz`^iw#F07$$!1,+](o1YZ&F Y$!1&3yo?t&*e#F07$$!1KL$3-OJN$FY$!11-,oaa>CF07$$!1****\\P*o%Q7FY$!1Rv; K_agAF07$$\"1oLLL3En$*!#<$!1&[q(fU41@F07$$\"1pmmT!RE&GFY$!1>[**H@ew>F0 7$$\"1.++]K]4]FY$!1gaje87P=F07$$\"1-++]PAvrFY$!1XaeA\"=Iq\"F07$$\"1,++ ]nHi#*FY$!1hqq-[vy:F07$$\"1nm\"z*ev:6F0$!13Mz?#*pp9F07$$\"1MLL347T8F0$ !1$=*>TLDW8F07$$\"1MLLLY.K:F0$!19[L%Qe7C\"F07$$\"1++D\"o7Tv\"F0$!1FMIc M*[7\"F07$$\"1LLL$Q*o]>F0$!1vO'ewJZ-\"F07$$\"1,+D\"=lj;#F0$!1=K?^zkw\" *FY7$$\"1++vV&R
2I&FY7$$\"1nm\"
zRQb@$F0$!1CA5TM*[K%FY7$$\"1++v=>Y2MF0$!18\"y_%**4#\\$FY7$$\"1nm;zXu9O
F0$!1_qKva44EFY7$$\"1+++]y))GQF0$!1gNw./#Qr\"FY7$$\"1++]i_QQSF0$!1H?8J
!yu`)F]p7$$\"1,+D\"y%3TUF0$!1c@\"e5gtc$!#=7$$\"1++]P![hY%F0$\"1^9cg[Vs
&)F]p7$$\"1LLL$Qx$oYF0$\"1EOg,JSY;FY7$$\"1+++v.I%)[F0$\"1/]Df1!fZ#FY7$
$\"1mm\"zpe*z]F0$\"1t%R'fNQ;KFY7$$\"1,++D\\'QH&F0$\"12BESEJ9SFY7$$\"1L
Le9S8&\\&F0$\"14\\4,[[aZFY7$$\"1,+D1#=bq&F0$\"1sTSv.j